Animal welfare law and policy in the management programs of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) and eastern wolf (Canis lupus lycaon) in Canada: An introductory overview. (RI §420998)
Políticas públicas y derecho aplicables a los planes de gestión del lobo gris (
Canis lupus) y el lobo del este (
Canis lupus lycaon) en Canadá: una aproximación introductoria -
Hépsiba Guevara Morales
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El lobo (Canis lupus) es considerado por la ciencia como un depredador superior, cuyas relacio-nes sociales y naturaleza cooperativa influyen de una manera importante en las redes tróficas y el funcionamiento natural de los ecosistemas donde habita. Los conocimientos que hoy existen nos permiten entender mejor a esta especie, y sirven para salvaguardar el equilibrio dinámico de nuestro patrimonio natural. El objetivo de este trabajo es proporcionar una visión del estado de conservación de la especie en Canadá. El estudio comienza examinando la complejidad de la legislación y la doctrina en las que se basa su conservación, revisitando las narraciones histó-ricas y descriptivas de cómo se ha logrado la misma, así como el marco institucional y el sistema de gobernanza de esta política pública de conservación. A partir de esa premisa se examinan la ciencia, técnicas, políticas y normas jurídicas más específicas de bienestar animal analizando las ideas y la praxis de métodos alternativos a los letales de control de poblaciones y el estable-cimiento de zonas de amortiguación en torno a, o restricciones a la caza en, determinadas áreas y/o épocas. Se enfatiza especialmente el análisis de los rasgos de los individuos de los grupos de poblaciones de la especie como expresión de su comportamiento natural y cómo la coopera-ción nacional e interprovincial, incluyendo la de los nativos de poblaciones indígenas (autode-nominados en Cabada, las Primeras Naciones), se pueden mejorar en el futuro.
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Wolves (Canis lupus) are considered by scientists to be apex predators whose social relation-ships and cooperative nature greatly influence their food chains and the natural functioning of the ecosystems that they inhabit. The knowledge that we have today allows us to better understand the species and to preserve the dynamic equilibrium of our natural heritage. The objective of this study is to better understand the current conservation state of the species in Canada. I begin by examining the complexity of the legislation and legal doctrine on which its conservation is based and revisiting available historical and descriptive accounts on how such conservation is being achieved, as well the institutional framework and the governance system of these conservation policies. From there, I turn to focus on science, techniques, legal rules and policies on animal welfare that are being employed or need to be improved in the management of populations, analyzing ideas and practical alternative methods to classic lethal ones and the establishment of buffer zones or restrictions on hunting in certain areas and/or during certain seasons. Special emphasis is also given to the traits of the individuals of the populations of the species as an ex-pression of their natural behavior and to how cooperation at a national and provincial level, in-cluding First Nations, may improve in the near future.
I. INTRODUCTION. II. REGULATING THE WOLF: HISTORY. 1. The Eurasian wolf: driven to the brink of extinction. 2. The Canadian experience. III. CANADIAN LAW APPLICABLE TO THE MANAGEMENT OF THE WOLF AS WILDLIFE AND AS SPECIES AT RISK. 1. National legislation. 2. National and provincial consensus: the Accord. 3. Legislation of the provinces and territories. 4. Provincial and territorial wolf management legislation or regulatory frameworks: The case of Ontario. 4.1. Categorization of wolves in the Ontario Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act. 4.2. Poli-cies on the management or preservation of other species that affect wolf management policies. 4.3. Policies concerning the management of forests as habitats that affect wolves. 4.4. Species at Risk law in Ontario. 4.5. Spatial planning legislation. 4.6. Protected areas and parks legislation. 4.7. Cattle and farm animals law. 5. International law. 5.1. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and WAPPRIITA. 5.2. The North Ameri-can Agreement on Environmental Cooperation. 5.3. The Agreement on International Humane Trapping Standards (AIHTS). IV. CANADIAN WOLF MANAGEMENT AND ANIMAL WELFARE IN A CHANGING WORLD. 1. Revisiting the Agreement on International Humane Trapping Standards (AIHTS). 2. Alternative methods to wolf control and culling/harvesting of wolf populations. 2.1. Aerial shooting, toxins/poisoning, and other current methods. 2.2. Alternative methods of wolf control. 3. Respecting wolf traits and natural behaviors in its interactions with other species in the spatial implementation of management plans. 3.1. The Canadian initiative on buffer zones. 3.2. The case of the eastern wolves of Algonquin Park. 4. Adding value to cultural approaches to wolf symbolism: The First Nations Wolf. V. CONCLUSIONS.
